THE ROLE OF INDEPENDENT NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION IN COMBATING CORRUPTION IN CAMPAIGN FINANCING IN NIGERIA, 1999-2023

Abstract

This paper investigated the role of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in combating corruption in campaign financing in Nigeria from 1999 to 2023. Corruption in campaign financing poses a significant threat to the integrity of the electoral process, undermining democracy and fostering a culture of electoral malpractice. The study identified critical issues, including inadequate regulatory frameworks, a lack of transparency in campaign funding, and the pervasive influence of money in politics. The following research questions guided the study: What measures has INEC implemented to regulate campaign financing in Nigeria from 1999 to 2023? How effective have these measures been in reducing corruption in campaign financing? What challenges has INEC faced in enforcing campaign financing regulations? The objectives of the study were to analyse INEC’s regulatory framework for campaign financing, assess the effectiveness of its enforcement mechanisms, and identify barriers to effective implementation. The study was anchored on concepts of democratic governance and political accountability, with particular emphasis on the Principal–Agent Theory. Findings revealed that, although INEC has made progress through initiatives such as amendments to the Electoral Act and enhanced monitoring of campaign finances, significant challenges remain. These include inadequate funding, weak enforcement mechanisms, and the persistent influence of political actors, which hinder the effective implementation of campaign finance regulations. In conclusion, INEC’s role in combating corruption in campaign financing is crucial for promoting free and fair elections in Nigeria. To enhance its effectiveness, the study recommends strengthening legal provisions on campaign financing, improving transparency and disclosure requirements, and fostering collaboration with civil society organisations to monitor campaign financing activities.