JOURNAL OF LAW, LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, AND GENDER STUDIES
The Journal of Law, Language, Literature, and Gender Studies (ISSN: 3121-939X; E-ISSN: 3121-9381) is a peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary publication dedicated to exploring these intersections and fostering a deeper understanding of the ways in which they shape our societies, cultures, and individual experiences. This journal provides a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners to engage with the most pressing issues at the nexus of law, language, literature, and gender studies. We publish original research articles, reviews, and essays that critically examine the ways in which law, language, and literature reflect, shape, and challenge societal norms, power dynamics, and gender roles.
THE ACADEMIC EMANCIPATION OF A PEOPLE THROUGH POLYTECHNIC EDUCATION: A STUDY OF ASIKA'S PIMPLES ON WRINKLES
This study examines the academic emancipation of a people through polytechnic education, using Asika's Pimples on Wrinkles as a case study. The research explores how education, particularly polytechnic education, serves as a tool for intellectual liberation, skill acquisition, economic empowerment, and social transformation. The study is anchored on the premise that education is a fundamental instrument for national development and individual advancement. Through a critical textual analysis of the novel, the study investigates the author's portrayal of the challenges confronting educational development, including poverty, inadequate educational facilities, societal prejudice against technical education, and limited access to quality learning opportunities. The findings reveal that polytechnic education plays a significant role in empowering individuals with practical and entrepreneurial skills necessary for self-reliance and sustainable development. The study further shows that Asika presents education as a means of overcoming ignorance, unemployment, and social inequality, thereby fostering personal growth and community development. The novel highlights the transformative power of education in shaping responsible citizens and promoting socio-economic progress. It also underscores the need for greater societal recognition of technical and vocational education as an essential pathway to national advancement. The study concludes that academic emancipation can be effectively achieved through the promotion of polytechnic education, which equips learners with relevant competencies for the modern economy. It recommends increased government investment in polytechnic institutions, curriculum enhancement, improved infrastructure, and public enlightenment campaigns to improve the perception and effectiveness of polytechnic education. The study contributes to the existing literature on education and development by demonstrating the relevance of literary works in addressing contemporary educational challenges and advocating academic liberation through practical education.
Academic emancipation, polytechnic education, technical education, skill acquisition, educational development, socio-economic transformation, empowerment, Pimples on Wrinkles.
CLASS STRUGGLE AND POLITICAL EXPLOITATION IN JUDE DIBIA'S BLACKBIRD
Literature stands as the mirror through which the society is reflected, the major functions of literature is to replicate the happenings in every human society, encourage virtues, expose vices and proffer solutions to them. This paper explores the schisms of class Struggles and political exploitation as reflected in Jude Dibia’s Blackbird. This research interrogates the dynamics of social inequality and exploitation within African society as represented in the novel. This research tends to address persistent socio-political and economic divide that perpetuates class struggle, suppresses the working class, and empowers the ruling elites, thereby creating structures of oppression. The hallmark of the paper re-examines and provide an insight into the dynamics of power, inequality, social changes in an African society. The theory employed in this research is the Marxist literary theory. Marxist criticism is a theory rooted in the ideas and propositions of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, that focus on literature as a product of material conditions, economic structures, and class relations. This research intends to analyze how literary texts reflect, reinforce, or resist the ideology of the ruling class while foregrounding the voices and experiences of the oppressed. This theoretical lens is suitable for uncovering Jude Dibia’ present class antagonisms, exploitation, and the power dynamics that shape their characters’ realities. This study adopts a qualitative and textual analytical approach. The primary data consists of the novel understudy, while secondary data is derived from scholarly texts, journal publications, and critical works on Marxism, class struggle, and African literature. The findings reveal that the literary work understudy articulates the harsh realities of political exploitation, corrupt leadership and continued subjugation of the working class. This study further shows how literature mirrors people’s plight and can serve as a voice and form of resistance. As a solution, it proposes that literature be more consciously harnessed as a tool for awakening societal consciousness and demanding systemic change.
MAPPING GENDER DISTINCTIONS THROUGH LANGUAGE USE IN IGBO SOCIETY
This paper critically examines how language use in Igbo society both reflects and reinforces gender distinctions. Drawing on the Sociolinguistic Ethnography model for analysis, the study explores the roles of proverbs and everyday speech acts in constructing and sustaining gender ideologies. The paper demonstrates how linguistic structures encode asymmetrical gender roles and how these practices normalize and perpetuate patriarchal norms. The study draws on authentic Igbo linguistic data, including proverbs, ethnographic interviews, and textual materials, to highlight both overt and subtle mechanisms of gender differentiation in communication. The findings of the study highlight the role of language in reinforcing gender distinctions that may lead to gender discrimination. The study also reveals how Igbo proverbs not only reflect existing gender relations but also actively transmit cultural expectations across generations, thereby exercising power and upholding dominant ideologies. The research recommends that scholars undertake further studies aimed at promoting advocacy against gender discrimination, female oppression, and normalized misogyny, while also contributing to women’s empowerment in Igbo society. The study further serves as a basis for cultural reform and gender-sensitive education, thereby promoting greater equity among genders in Igbo society.
Sociolinguistics, Gender Distinctions, Gender Roles, Language Use, Igbo
DR CHIKAMSO CHINYELU NWOSU; MUSTAPHA ABDULHAMID BABA
BEYOND INNOCENCE: TRAUMA REPRESENTATION AND NARRATIVE TECHNIQUE IN AFRICAN ADOLESCENT WAR STORIES
This study, Beyond Innocence: Trauma Representation and Narrative Technique in African Adolescent War Stories, interrogates four African and diasporic war narratives: The Other Side of Truth by Beverly Naidoo, A Long Walk to Water by Linda Sue Park, Beasts of No Nation by Uzodinma Iweala, and The Seine Was Red, Paris, October 1961 by Leïla Sebbar through the combined lenses of trauma theory and Russian Formalism. The study argues that these texts stage trauma not merely as thematic content but also as a formal problem that destabilizes narrative coherence and mimetic representation. Conceptualizing trauma as both a psychic rupture and a narratological crisis, the study foregrounds formal devices such as temporal fragmentation, limited focalization, linguistic defamiliarization, and generic hybridity. It pays particular attention to narrative belatedness, repetition compulsion, syntactic disruption, and the oscillation between silence and expression as structural inscriptions of trauma’s resistance to representation. These strategies displace linear temporality and coherent subjectivity, positioning the adolescent figure as a site where epistemological and ethical uncertainties converge. Through comparative analysis, the essay demonstrates how fractured first-person voices, bifurcated temporalities, and testimonial modes function as formal analogues of traumatic experience while simultaneously mediating between individual memory and collective histories of colonial violence, dictatorship, and forced migration. In doing so, these narratives challenge Western universalist models of trauma by foregrounding historically specific configurations of suffering and memory. Ultimately, the study contends that African adolescent war fiction reconfigures the child not as a passive victim but as a witnessing subject and narrative agent. It concludes that trauma is formalized as a recursive, ethically charged disruption that compels innovative narrative strategies and redefines the limits of literary representation.
Innocence, Trauma Representation and Narrative Technique
Christabel Chikamadu Ph.D; Prof JOJ Nwachukwu-Agbada; Prof GIN Emezue
MIGRATION, DISILLUSIONMENT AND DIASPORIC EXPERIENCES IN CHIKA UNIGWE’S PHOENIX
The study entitled “Migration, Disillusionment and Diasporic Experiences in Chika Unigwe’s Phoenix examines the idea of migration, the trials, ordeals, and vicissitudes that African migrants go through while abroad. It explores the factors that force migrants to scatter across foreign countries, including civil strife and forced displacement, insurgency, religious heterodoxy, political persecution, economic and educational reasons, exile, and asylum, among others. From the analysis, it is revealed that all the characters became disoriented and traumatized as a result of their trials and ordeals, coupled with failed dreams. It also reveals that the trials and ordeals of migrants leave them emotionally traumatized, psychologically disoriented, and psychically dehumanized. As a talented writer, Chika Unigwe shifts attention to the experiences of Nigerians in the diaspora. The novel portrays the realities of life rather than fantasy. The writer succeeds in presenting realistic accounts of what happens to Nigerians when they migrate to foreign nations. The responsibility now lies with readers and critics to read, appreciate, comprehend, comment on, and analyze the text using different and engaging critical approaches available to them.
Diaspora, Disillusionemnt, Trauma, Culture, Migration, Hybridity
Obi, Gladys Nwakaego, PhD & Ujowundu, Cornel Onyemauche, PhD
REPRESENTATION OF KIDNAPPING AND ITS EFFECTS IN SELECTED YORÙBÁ HOME VIDEO FILMS
Kidnapping has emerged as a deeply entrenched social problem in contemporary Nigerian society, intensifying in scale and sophistication due to persistent unemployment, widespread poverty, the pursuit of sudden wealth, and porous national borders. Although Yorùbá literary scholarship has extensively examined social vices such as corruption, ritualism, and moral decline, critical attention to the representation of kidnapping and its effects in Yorùbá home video films remains limited. This study addresses this gap by interrogating both the effects of kidnapping and the mechanisms employed to mitigate these effects within selected Yorùbá video productions. Adopting a descriptive research design, the study purposively selected ten Yorùbá films whose narratives centre on kidnapping and its consequences: Ọmọ́ Àdámọ̀, Ọmọ́ Olè Mẹ́ta, The Kidnap, Ọmọ́ Òkànrán, Lákátábú, Òrìṣà Ifẹ́, Ọmọ́, Òdájú Doctor, Kidnapper, and Kidnapped. These films were subjected to literary and content analysis, guided by Routine Activity Theory as the theoretical framework. Findings indicate that kidnapping poses a significant threat to national development and social harmony. The films not only expose its adverse effects but also foreground preventive and corrective responses, including improved healthcare for victims, the creation of a conducive socio-economic environment, and compensation for victims’ families. The study further advocates the strengthening of community-based security structures, particularly vigilante groups, to complement formal policing systems. It concludes that Yorùbá home video films, when strategically utilized as instruments of social advocacy and reorientation, can contribute meaningfully to anti-kidnapping efforts. Furthermore, the study calls on the Nigerian government to reassess and strengthen existing strategies to address the growing menace more effectively.
Kidnapping, Victim, Yorùba home video films, crime effect
Abídèmí O. Bó̩̩ ̩̩́lárìnwá, PhD; Akinlabí Akinníyì Williams
A LEGAL OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL FORENSIC DNA DATABASE GOVERNANCE FOR CRIME SOLVING IN NIGERIA, UK AND USA
The introduction and use of forensic DNA evidence in crime investigation within modern-day criminal justice systems across the world has revolutionised and significantly enhanced the accuracy of investigative outcomes. Nevertheless, forensic DNA evidence cannot be effectively utilised in solving crimes in the absence of a national forensic DNA database. This study aimed to provide a legal overview of national forensic DNA database governance for crime solving and control in Nigeria, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, with a view to ascertaining the existence, level of development, and effectiveness of such frameworks in the countries under review. The findings revealed that both the United Kingdom and the United States have developed robust national forensic DNA databases, supported by comprehensive legal frameworks; further strengthened through case laws and legislative developments. In contrast, Nigeria lacks both a national forensic DNA database and specific legislation governing forensic DNA database management. It was also found that the United Kingdom and the United States have extensively utilised their forensic DNA databases in solving and preventing crimes, including the resolution of cold cases. By contrast, Nigeria continues to rely heavily on limited traditional investigative methods, such as suspect interrogation, eyewitness testimony, and confessions. The study therefore recommends that the Nigerian government should, as a matter of urgency, adopt best practices from the United Kingdom and the United States by establishing a national forensic DNA database and developing specific legislation to regulate its governance, in line with international standards. The establishment of a national forensic DNA database, alongside a clear regulatory framework, will enhance the effective utilisation of forensic DNA evidence in solving and preventing the growing incidence of crime in Nigeria.
: Forensic DNA database, Forensic DNA database Governance, DNA profiling, crime solving, regulatory frameworks
IDEOLOGY AND GENDERED DOUBLE STANDARDS IN BABY MAMA DISCOURSE ON SOCIAL MEDIA
This study examines the construction of misogyny and gendered double standards in Nigerian digital discourse surrounding the “baby mama” identity. The study was necessitated by the relative paucity of existing studies linguistically examining this phenomenon within the Nigerian context. Situated within the context of celebrity culture and social media commentary, the research investigates how language is used to regulate women’s sexuality, motherhood, and respectability. Drawing on Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA), the study analyzes six purposively selected posts from publicly accessible Nigerian entertainment blogs and associated commentaries on X (formerly Twitter). A critical discourse analytical approach is employed in the study. The findings reveal that the term “baby mama” functions as a stigmatizing master label that reduces women’s identities to their reproductive status while simultaneously normalizing male sexual autonomy. The analysis further demonstrates how moral, religious and relational discursive strategies are deployed to discipline women symbolically and reinforce patriarchal norms. Through repetitive labeling, evaluative language and asymmetrical identity construction, digital platforms reproduce gendered hierarchies under the guise of entertainment reporting. The study concludes that baby mama discourse is not merely descriptive but ideological, serving as a mechanism for sustaining symbolic inequality in contemporary Nigerian digital culture. It therefore calls for critical engagement with everyday digital language practices that normalize gendered moral regulation
baby mama discourse, gendered double standards, patriarchal ideology, social media, Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis
Chigozie Gloria Nwosu & Ngozi Ezenwa-Ohaeto
MALE PARTNER PARTICIPATION IN DELIVERY CARE IN NIGERIA: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF BARRIERS, FACILITATORS, AND INTERVENTIONS FOR IMPROVING MATERNAL HEALTH OUTCOMES
Male partner participation in delivery care and maternal health services has emerged as a critical component of safe motherhood initiatives globally. This literature review synthesizes evidence from existing studies examining male partner involvement in delivery care in Nigeria. The paper adopts patriarchal theory as the theoretical framework. The evidence reveals that male participation in delivery care remains suboptimal across Nigerian contexts, with participation rates varying widely from 10% to 65%, depending on the specific aspect of care and geographic location. Key barriers identified include deeply entrenched cultural norms that define childbirth as “women’s business,” institutional constraints such as inadequate space and restrictive policies, lack of awareness and education among men, financial constraints, and patriarchal gender roles. Facilitators of male participation include higher levels of education, urban residence, effective spousal communication, health education interventions, and supportive attitudes from healthcare providers. Evidence further demonstrates that male involvement is associated with improved maternal health outcomes, including increased facility-based deliveries, better birth preparedness, enhanced emotional support for women, and improved maternal and neonatal health indicators. Community-based interventions and health education programs have shown promise in improving male participation. The review concludes that addressing male partner participation requires multi-level interventions targeting cultural norms, healthcare system policies, and individual knowledge gaps. Recommendations include integrating male-inclusive policies into maternal healthcare, expanding healthcare facility infrastructure, implementing community-based education programs, and reorienting men’s understanding of their roles in maternal health within Nigeria’s patriarchal context.
Delivery care, Maternal health, Male partner participation, Nigeria
Ngozi Chinenye Okeke, Gloria Nwakego Chukwuemeka & Chisom Anaestasi Ubaezuonu
THE RELEVANCE OF LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION, ARCHIVES AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS
For generations, historians, archaeologists, anthropologists and biologists have regarded humans as the central figures in the origin of language. The astonishing fact of human history is that they cannot do without language and this has brought about different languages being spoken. These languages have been the source of communication for human beings, and without it, man’s existence is irrelevant. There is the need for language documentation to accommodate the future generation. This paper addresses a set of issues related to language documentation that are not often explicitly dealt with in academic publications, yet are highly important for the development and success of this new discipline. This title “The Relevance of Language documentation, archives, and indigenous knowledge systems” explores how language and documentation practices can serve as tools in preserving and revitalizing indigenous knowledge systems. It discusses the relevance of language documentation, archives, and indigenous knowledge systems. It discusses the importance of culturally sensitive documentation method systems; the paper examines the ethical considerations involved in archiving indigenous knowledge. The study was largely library-based and depended exclusively on secondary documents. In relating the research, the researcher adopted the descriptive and explanatory approaches. The study hinges on Linguistic Relativity Theory that was propounded by Edward Sapir (1929) and Benjamin Lee Whorf (1956). By highlighting the need for collaboration between indigenous communities and researchers, this work underscores the necessity of respecting indigenous rights, worldviews, and language as integral elements in the documentation and preservation of their knowledge systems. This study between language, documentation and archives presents an opportunity to reframe knowledge practices, acknowledging indigenous contributions to humanity’s collective understanding. The researcher recommends that this type of study should be inculcated in the Nigerian policy so as to make sure that languages are documented both traditionally and digitally for the generations to come.
Relevance, Language, Documentation, Language Documentation, Archives, Indigenous, indigenous knowledge Systems
MULTIMODAL STRATEGIES IN MULTILINGUAL STORYTELLING: A CASE STUDY OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN AWKA, NIGERIA
Children’s language development is inherently multimodal, encompassing not only speech but also gestures, facial expressions, gaze, and other semiotic resources. In multilingual settings, children must coordinate these modes across languages, yet there is limited research on how young Nigerian children integrate multimodal strategies during storytelling. This gap is significant, as Nigeria’s diverse linguistic environment presents unique challenges and opportunities for early childhood language development, with implications for education, literacy, and communication support. The following research questions were addressed: (i) What types of gestures, facial expressions, and other multimodal strategies do multilingual preschool children in Awka employ during storytelling? (ii)How do children coordinate these multimodal resources across multiple languages to support narrative coherence and audience comprehension? (iii) What patterns emerge in the use of gestures and speech during language switching in storytelling? The study is theoretically grounded in McNeill’s (1992) Gesture Theory, which posits that gesture and speech form an integrated meaning-making system, and Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory (1978), emphasizing socially mediated tools in learning. A case study design was employed with 4-7-year-old children attending a multilingual preschool in Awka. Children participated in video-recorded storytelling tasks using picture sequences. Narratives were analyzed through a multimodal coding scheme, capturing gesture type (iconic, deictic, beat), facial expressions, gaze, and speech. Both quantitative analysis (frequency, co-occurrence of multimodal elements) and qualitative analysis (function and narrative role) were conducted to examine patterns and cross-linguistic strategies. The findings show that multilingual Nigerian children strategically use gestures and other multimodal cues to scaffold narrative meaning, particularly during language switching or when expressing complex ideas.
Multimodal communication, multilingual storytelling, gesture, early childhood, language development
PRAGMATICS OF EXISTENCE: CYBERSECURITY, FORENSIC PRAGMATICS AND HUMAN EXISTENCE
The paper investigates how forensic pragmatics can be applied to cybersecurity issues to preserve the integrity and sustainability of human life in an increasingly visual world. In a digital-driven world, human existence is increasingly threatened by sophisticated cyberattacks and the misuse of virtual platforms. As technology evolves, so do the methods of cybercriminals, whose actions not only affect digital infrastructure but also compromise individual safety, national security, and social stability. It aims to analyze how forensic pragmatics tools can enhance cybersecurity efforts and protect human existence by interpreting and addressing cybercrime discourse. The paper focuses on pragmatic elements (speech acts, implicature, context) in cybercriminal discourse, such as email scams, phishing messages, cyberbullying, and online fraud. The research is limited to selected case studies and data sources from Nigeria's cyberspace, court documents, digital threats, and online corpora. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework adopted for this study isSpeech Act theory (Austin, 1992; Searle, 169), Grice’s Cooperative Principle and maxims of conversation (Grice, 1975). Findings reveal that most cybercriminal messages heavily rely on indirect speech acts, implicatures, and urgency cues to manipulate the target. Noteworthy, over 80% of phishing emails used presupposition and contextual deixis (“here”, “how”, “your”, “account”) to pressure users into compliance. Also, linguistic ambiguity is a major tool to exploit victims’ cognitive biases and emotional responses (e.g.,fear, urgency, greed). Forensic pragmatics provided critical insights in 67% of examined cybercrime cases, particularly in distinguishing genuine versus manipulated intent. Cybercriminals mimicked intuitional politeness to reduce suspicion. The study concludes that protecting human existence in cyberspace requires not only robust digital infrastructures but also the integration of linguistic forensics and ethical consciousness in policy and practice.
Cyber-crime, Forensics, Human Existence, Pragmatics
Olachi Enemuo (Ph.D); Ruth Chinazaekpere Igbokwe
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE CRASH OF CIVILISATION: UNDERSTANDING THE FARMERS–HERDERS CRISIS IN NIGERIA
The farmers–herders crisis in Nigeria has become one of the most serious challenges affecting peace, food production, and community life in the country. This study examines the causes and effects of the crisis, describing it as a “clash of civilisations” between two different ways of life farming and cattle herding. The research shows that as the environment changes and grazing lands in the North become drier, herders are forced to move south in search of water and pasture. This movement often leads to clashes with local farmers who depend on the same land for crop cultivation. The study also explains how poor government policies, weak security systems, and the breakdown of traditional conflict-resolution mechanisms have worsened the situation. The crisis is therefore not just about land or animals but also about inequality, poor leadership, and the failure to manage resources fairly. The study suggests that solving the problem requires stronger policies that encourage peaceful coexistence, fair land use, climate adaptation, and sustained dialogue between farmers and herders. Understanding this conflict shows how differences in culture, livelihood, and access to resources can create deeper social problems if not properly managed.
Farmers–herders, Civilization, Crash, Crisis, Analytical
REPRESENTATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA IN AGARY’S YELLOW YELLOW
This study examines the dynamics of trauma in Kaine Agary’s Yellow-Yellow, a Nigerian literary work that interrogates the place of trauma and oppression in Nigerian society. It explores the various forms of trauma and degradation evident in the text and the wider social context. This analysis will be carried out through a close textual reading of the primary text. Situations depicted in the novel foreground the traumatic and exploitative tendencies of the ruling class/bourgeoisie and the adverse effects of their actions on the lower class. The development of trauma theory was precipitated by studies on neurosis and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Foundational contributions were made by nineteenth-century neurologists such as Sigmund Freud, Joseph Breuer, Pierre Janet, and Jean-Martin Charcot, whose therapeutic studies on shock and hysteria helped shape the field. Trauma theory will therefore be used to investigate the psychological distress experienced by victims of oppression, exploitation, and social disruption as portrayed in the novel. The study demonstrates the devastating impact of trauma on characters subjected to unbearable conditions imposed by forces beyond their control. It also draws on Cathy Caruth’s insights into the unspeakable and repetitive aspects of trauma, including the unknowing reenactment of traumatic experiences by victims. Kaine Agary’s Yellow-Yellow represents her literary engagement with the experiences associated with crude oil exploitation in Nigeria’s oil-rich Niger Delta region and its numerous destructive consequences for the inhabitants, with particular emphasis on the plight of women as victims.
disillusionment, trauma, exploitation, dehumanization oppression
Sylvanus Onyeachulam C. & Celestine Onyemakaosinaeme Opara
CONTENTIOUS ISSUES IN NIGERIA'S DEMOCRATIC EXPERIENCE, 1999-2008
This paper therefore seeks to describe and analyze those issues and developments in the current democratic dispensation that are contentions and therefore antithetical to the attainment of genuine democracy in Nigeria. To address this paper is divided into four sections. The first conceptualizes democracy, in the second section a brief historical exposition on the quest for democracy is highlight, followed an analysis of the programmes of the fourth Republic that tend to run foul of genuine democratic culture. Finally concluding remarks are made.
READING PROBLEMS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: SOME OBSERVATIONS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS
In this paper, ten typical reading problems in secondary schools and six possible sources of these problems are discussed, with particular reference to Nigerian secondary schools. The discussion is based mainly on the evidence obtained by observation and research findings. The importance of teaching reading as a subject in the secondary school curriculum is indicated, and recommendations are made to ensure the provision of facilities for both remedial and developmental work in Nigeria's primary and post-primary institutions of learning, as a means of minimizing the problems and facilitating communication and learning.
QUO VADIS NIGERIA? A PHILOSOPHICAL INTERROGATION OF A NATION IN GRIP OF POLITICAL INCOMPETENCE
Why are the Nigerian youths, in great numbers, migrating to Western nations and many other African countries today? Again, why does the rate of insecurity in Nigeria continue to increase daily? In many parts of the country, citizens cannot sleep with both eyes closed due to the menace of bandits, unknown gunmen, and deadly Fulani herdsmen terrorists. These groups kill innocent Nigerians in Benue, Jos, Kogi, Enugu, and Ebonyi, while widespread kidnappings occur in many other areas, with perpetrators demanding ransom payments. Boko Haram terrorists are also unleashing deadly attacks on citizens, pushing the Nigerian state closer to stagnation and near collapse – what some described as the threshold of a failed state. Inflation is alarmingly high, reflected in the soaring prices of goods and services, the high cost of food items, chronic electricity shortages, and skyrocketing fuel and diesel prices. The exchange rate of the Naira to the Dollar is equally disturbing. Nigeria is often referred to as the “Giant of Africa” due to its land mass, abundant human capital, and rich natural and human resources. However, these advantages have not translated into improved living conditions for the average Nigerians. This paradox is largely attributable to poor leadership, systemic corruption, and political incompetence among Nigeria’s ruling elites. Yet, amidst the current calamity and widespread hardship, the All Progressive Congress (APC) - led government appears unbothered. Rather than focusing on alleviating the sufferings of people, their preoccupation seems to be securing victory in the year 2027 general elections. This is deeply troubling as it raises the question, how many citizens will still be alive by then, if the present situation remains unchanged? Using Philosophical analysis as our methodology, this paper undertakes a critical interrogation of the Nigerian state, guided by the Latin question: “Quo Vadis?” (Where are you going?). In our analysis, we examine the fundamental causes of the Nigeria’s decline and propose viable solutions and the way forward. With these recommendations - centered on ethical leadership and productive governance- we hope that, like St. Peter who, upon asking Jesus this question, turned back and embrace the crucibles of the discipleship, Nigeria too will turn back from the brink and move towards genuine democratic leadership, good governance, and economic prosperity for its citizens.
AN ANALYSIS OF HATE SPEECH DISCOURSE IN POLITICAL CAMPAIGN SONGS DURING THE 2023 ELECTION IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
This study examines the discourse of hate speech in political campaign songs used during the 2023 elections in Benue State, Nigeria. The research is anchored on Tajfel and Turner’s Social Identity Theory, which provides a framework for analyzing how political actors use hate speech to categorize and maintain social identities. The study adopted a case study design and employed purposive sampling to select relevant data. Data were sourced through secondary means by transcribing audio recordings of campaign songs from the APC and PDP. Findings reveal that hate speech is a dominant feature of political campaign discourse in Benue State, reinforcing negative stereotypes and deepening social divisions. The songs extensively employ social categorization and stereotyping, fostering an “us versus them” mentality that sustains the normalization of hate speech among party supporters. The study concludes that hate speech in campaign songs poses serious threats, including political polarization, incitement to violence, and the erosion of democratic values.
The importance of territory in international law explains the fact that it represents one of the main reasons for inter-ethnic, as well inter-state conflicts, in which all sides claim their own rights to the territory. Because of this, geographical claims, in the nature of Irredentism, have been raised throughout history. In Africa, there have been series of such claims, including those of Cameroon and Nigeria over Bakassi, Eritrea and Ethiopia over Badme, Morocco against Mauritania and the Sahahawi People’s Democratic Republic, Somali claim over Somaliland (Djibouti), and many more claims. The reasons for these claims have been attributed to a number of factor ranging from economic disparity of boarder States, historical nexus and demographic overlap. This situation has given rise to loss of lives and unfriendly diplomatic relationship. This paper therefore analyzed the irredentist claim vis-à-vis the international principles of territorial integrity and inviolability of States, as well and the principle of self-determination. Using the doctrinal method of research approach, the paper analyzed provisions of some international legal instruments and domestic laws of some States. Findings revealed that the inviolability of territorial integrity of States cannot be compromised under the guise of agitation for self-determination. At best a referendum maybe conducted with the full consent of the States. It is only through this way that a successful irredentist claim can be recognized.
Agbara, Daniel Obodoechi,; Okaphor Ejike Francis PhD & Ngene Lilian Adannaya
A PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATION OF IBRAHIM TRAORE’S QUINTESSENTIAL LEADERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT: A CRITQUE OF CORRUPT LEADERSHIP IN AFRICA
This paper explores the persistent challenge of underdevelopment in Africa, attributing it largely to poor leadership and entrenched corruption. Despite long standing effort by African leaders to drive development, corruption remains a major impediment. The 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International ranks Nigeria’s Bola Ahmed Tinubu and Kenya’s William Ruto among the most corrupt leaders globally, highlighting the need for a fundamental change in leadership mentality. The paper argues that any meaningful and sustainable development in Africa must begin with the transformation of the African mind – emphasizing holistic human development across social, political, religious, and ethical domains. As a counter example to prevailing leadership failures, the paper highlights Ibrahim Traore of Burkina Faso, whose leadership under a military regime has demonstrated a tangible progress in several sectors. Traore’s call for a united Sahel and a broader united Africa is presented as a viable part towards a true independence from lingering Western neo - colonial structures. Using Philosophical analysis as its methodology, the paper calls for a rethinking of leadership, development and identity in Africa.
VARIATIONS IN SPEECH STYLE IN CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE’S PURPLE HIBISCUS
The focus of this paper is on the use of variations in speech style by interlocutors in dialogues. Interactants engaged in verbal discourse employ different speech styles on different occasions. This is largely informed by the fact that no one speaks in exactly the same way on all occasions. Many factors inform these shifts such as the speaker, the addressee, the setting, the topic of discourse and the purpose of discourse. Using Chimamanda Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus, this study seeks to identify the variations in the speech style in the dialogues of the characters and the motivations for the shifts. It also seeks to determine the way the shifts affected the relationships between the characters as well as the power structures that are at play. To achieve these objectives, eight sample excerpts purposively selected from the text were used as data while ethnography of communication was used as the theoretical framework. Findings revealed that the different speech style variations identified were influenced mainly by the situation and social distance.
INFORMAL BUSINESSES IN NIGERIA: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF LOCAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Informal businesses constitute a significant portion of Nigeria's economy, providing employment, income, and essential goods and services in the face of limited formal job opportunities. This study explores the role of local entrepreneurship within the informal sector as a driver of economic development in Nigeria. It examines how small-scale, unregistered businesses contribute to poverty reduction, innovation, and community resilience, while also addressing the challenges they face, including limited access to finance, regulatory constraints, and infrastructural deficits. Using qualitative and descriptive method of data analysis, the research highlights the adaptive strategies of informal entrepreneurs and their potential to spur inclusive growth. The findings underscore the need for supportive policies that recognize the value of informal enterprises and facilitate their integration into broader economic planning. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the informal economy's role in national development and offers policy recommendations to harness its full potential for sustainable economic progress.
Daniel Chukwuma Nzereogu, PhD & Chiamaka Esther Nzereogu
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND THE GLOBAL SOUTH: AN APPRAISAL OF THE NIGERIAN SITUATION 1995-2023
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organisation that plays a pivotal role in shaping global trade policies, fostering economic cooperation and addressing trade disputes among its member states. For developing countries in the Global South, the WTO represents both an opportunity for economic integration and a platform to voice concerns about inequities in the global trading system. Nigeria, being a part of the WTO has Africa’s largest economy and most populous nation and it has been an active participant in the WTO since its inception in 1995. The WTO has a principle of trade without borders and it has its focus in the area of liberalization and privatization. Now, Nigeria being a member of this organization seeks to reaffirm its commitment to international trade and seek technical aids to help build its economic prestige in the global market. Hence this article seeks to examine Nigeria’s engagement with the WTO from 1995 to 2023 and the progress its economy has recorded since its membership. Despite Nigeria’s membership in the World Trade Organization since 1995, the country just like the other countries that make up the global south has continued to face some significant challenges that has limited them from fully benefiting from total global trade liberation. This article employs a descriptive research method, focusing primarily on the collection and analysis of primary data gathered through qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, including community leaders, government officials, etc. For the secondary sources, relevant documents such as published and unpublished books and papers, lecture notes, articles, textbooks, journals and newspapers obtained from the library, internet and documentaries were consulted. The WTO being a body that facilitates trade relations amongst countries has from inception ordained its objectives. Nigeria, as a member country showed its full commitment to the organization by implementing policies and programmes that includes; primary export-oriented philosophy, planned public sector led economic development, import substitution, indigenization, Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), NEEDS (National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy) deregulation, public private partnership, privatization and commercialization. All these were in line with the WTO guidelines. However, with all the above listed effort by the organization and Nigeria as a member, this article was able to bring to light that the objectives of the WTO to serve as a body that would push Nigeria to the horizon in global trade has been limited because over the years oil has been Nigeria’s greatest revenue generator and this is what the nation has been relying on and this has limited the countries investment in other sectors such as agriculture, tourism etc. Sequel to this existing trade imbalance, this article while advocating that the WTO abort certain policies hurting Nigeria’s Economy, equally suggest proper economic diversification.
DR. EZEONWUKA, INNOCENT-FRANKLYN; DR. UZOHO, PRINCEWILL IKECHUKWU & UDEH, AKACHUKWU VICTOR
DIGITAL HUMANITIES AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
Digital Humanities emerged with the interplay between traditional humanities and computational methods of designing, computing and modelling human activities in a variety of domains. It is a broad field of research and scholarly activity covering not only the use of digital methods by arts and humanities researchers and collaboration by digital Humanities, specialists with computing and scientific disciplines, but also how the arts and humanities offer distinctive insights into the major social and cultural issues raised by the development of digital technologies. Thus, Work in this field is necessarily collaborative, involving multiple skills, disciplines, and areas of expertise. In essence, this paper discusses the concept of digital Humanities and interdisciplinary research, its' impacts to arts and humanities scholars , students as well as offers the rudiments/patterns for doing research across all disciplines within arts , humanities and other areas of research thereto.
Dr. kenechukwu K. Makwudo & Rev Fr. Dr. Basil Okonkwo
ENHANCING INTIMACY THROUGH TECHNOLOGY: THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON LONG-DISTANCE RELATIONSHIPS
Technology has advanced significantly over the past few decades. This development, particularly in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI), has greatly impacted many aspects of human life, including romantic relationships. Long-distance relationships, in particular, have benefited immensely from these advancements. With the help of AI, couples separated by distance are now able to maintain strong emotional connections and enhance their romantic experiences. This comes in light of the well-documented challenges and complexities commonly associated with long-distance relationships. This study aims to examine how artificial intelligence enhances romantic relationships—especially long-distance ones—by highlighting its benefits, potential downsides, and the ethical issues that may arise from its use. The study argues that, despite potential pitfalls, AI remains a valuable tool for improving and sustaining romantic connections. Furthermore, it asserts that AI has a solid and growing place in the future of human relationships. The research will draw upon theoretical frameworks such as the Social Exchange Theory (SET) and Rusbult’s Investment Model to analyze and evaluate the roles and opportunities that AI presents in the context of long-distance relationships. Using an ethnographic research approach, the study will adopt a qualitative method of analysis. The findings will support the notion that artificial intelligence is revolutionizing the dynamics of long-distance relationships. Through innovations such as advanced communication tools, virtual reality experiences, and personalized digital interactions, AI is significantly enhancing intimacy and connection between partners. As technology continues to evolve, so too will the nature of romantic relationships around the world—becoming increasingly shaped by artificial intelligence and digital tools.
BALANCING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF NOISE POLLUTION FROM PLACES OF WORSHIP IN NIGERIA
This paper extensively examined noise pollution from places of worship: A legal analysis of Nigerian laws and regulations. The paper adopted the doctrinal review method to achieve this aim. Different religious bodies, that is, Christian, Muslim, Traditional worshippers are contributing directly and indirectly to environmental pollution through their activities at their worship centres without putting in mind and giving a hoot about how their neighbours feel around them. Generally statutory and policy provisions regulating noise pollution in Nigeria have lofty aims and are quite salutary, there is however the need for proper implementation. The threat posed by noise pollution to human health and the environment has not received the attention it needs. It is also necessary for the government to revise and restructure environmental legislations. The public in general, as well as the enforcement of the Statutory Acts on noise pollution, require this reform. In conclusion, the paper recommends the need for the effective implementation of the laws regulating noise pollution in Nigeria and advocates for the strict adherence to the enforcement of these laws and punishments rather than shutting down the religious worship centres which seem not enough to curb the menace.
Ugboh, Moses Oluchukwu & Dr. Ejike Francis Okaphor
L’IMPACT DE SMARTPHONE DANS L’APPRENTISSAGE DU FRANÇAIS LANGUE ETRANGERE
Le développement et l’émergence de la technologie Smartphones montrent le nouveau système de l’apprentissage de la langue française. L’utilisation de Smartphone dans l’apprentissage de la langue française joue un rôle crucial par les apprenants du français langue étrangère (FLE). Cette technologie donne une nouvelle vision sur l’apprentissage et facilitent les deux pôles (enseignant et apprenant) dans l’étude didactique. Ce travail focalise de résoudre la problématique de la communication orale rencontré par les apprenants du français langue étrangère (FLE). Nous avons utilisé la théorie des affordances et cette théorie porte sur le concept d’interface homme-machin(IHM).L’article adopte une approche qualitative pour recueillir les données. Les résultats ont montré que l’utilisation de téléphone portable a contribué à l’apprentissage du français langue étrangère (FLE) au niveau communication. La recherche recommande que les utilisations de « Smartphone» améliorent les difficultés rencontrées par les apprenants du français langue étrangère (FLE).
DARAMOLA, Segun Felix (PhD) & Anthonia Nwaukoni
PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE CONSTRAINTS IN THE MASTERY OF ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE IN NIGERIA
The study analyses the psycholinguistic constraints affecting the mastery of English as a second language (ESL) in Nigeria. It particularly examines how the interlanguage phenomenon, fossilization and various affective factors influence the learning processes of second language learners of English. To determine how these constraints contribute to the poor mastery of English language, the study adopts a survey design to gather data. Descriptive statistics, specifically simple percentages, are used to analyze the data collected from the sampled population. The theoretical framework for the study is Stephen Krashen’s (1982) Theory of Second Language Acquisition, which consists of five hypotheses and is considered most appropriate for this research. The findings reveal that certain constraints significantly impede the mastery of English as a second, while, to a large extent, some factors facilitate the people’s performance in acquiring of English.
ADEJUWON, REBECCA TITILAYO & UCHE, MARTINA CHIOMA
A LINGUISTIC INQUIRY INTO SUPRASEGMENTAL USAGE IN HUMAN SPEECH
Suprasegmentals are complex sound features superimposed on syllables of words and longer utterances. They interact with sound segments which are arranged into syllables, to effect non-lexical changes in the meanings and functions of English utterances. These changes in turn contribute to more effective speech delivery and interpretation. However, many non- native speakers of the English language are unaware of these prosodic features and as a result, do not utilize them properly. This research therefore examines major prosodic elements by highlighting their meanings, features and functions in speech, drawing insights from printed and online materials. It concludes by advocating for the conscious learning, comprehension and regular application of suprasegmentals communication.
DECOLONIZATION OR RECOLONIZATION: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF POST-INDEPENDENCE ECONOMIC POLICIES IN AFRICA
Six decades have come and gone, after African countries secured political independence, yet they have not been able to boast of economic independence. Western-dictated economic policies, which the dictators said would put Africa on the path of economic development and eventual decolonization, have failed to do so. African economies are still precariously tied to the economies of the West, and the centre-periphery linkage has gained sustenance rather than severance, leading to the impoverishment and under-development of Africa by the West. This deleterious situation has attracted the attention of scholars, who have taken it upon themselves to find out why economic emancipation has been long in coming. Two schools of thought have emerged- the Neo-liberal School and the Neo-Marxist School of thought. While the former believes that African economies are being gradually decolonized despite the sorry state of affairs, and that decolonization process, though has been slow, has already started with the adoption of western-tailored economic policies, the neo-marxist scholars believe that the contrary is the case. They believe that Africa is not yet on the path of de-colonization, but is going through the process of re-colonization, as it faithfully implements dictated economic policies, and that this explains why Africa has not yet secured economic independence. This paper assesses the economic policies of post-Independent Africa in the light of these two schools of thought, to find out which of the schools’ argument is relevant for understanding and addressing the economic challenges of contemporary Africa. Secondary sources which are analyzed quantitatively utilizing a discursive approach, are used for the study. It shows, based on the evidence examined, that the continent is going through the process of re-colonization. and offers suggestions on how to put the African economies on the path of de-colonization.
LAWRENCE Chichebem Solomon & OBIENUSI, Ihuoma Elizabeth