JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
The Journal of Psychology, Sociology, History, and International Studies is a peer-reviewed publication dedicated to exploring the intricate relationships between psychological, social, historical, and international factors that shape human behavior, societies, and global interactions. This journal provides a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners to share innovative research, critical analyses, and insightful perspectives on the most pressing issues of our time. We publish original articles, reviews, and essays that examine the intersections of psychology, sociology, history, and international studies, and their implications for policy, practice, and social change.
ASSESSING PRODUCTION NEEDS FOR CLASSROOM MATERIALS FROM USED CHILDREN’S CLOTHING: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLASSROOM ENHANCEMENT
This study is a needs assessment of the utilization of used children's clothing in the production of classroom decoration materials for learning environment enhancement, addressing a gap in resource-constrained educational settings. Survey data from 1,193 stakeholders, teachers, administrators, experts, and parents, in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria, showed strong consensus on the social needs underlying this utilization, spanning economic needs, educational needs, and environmental needs, with grand means ranging from 4.15 to 4.28 on a 4-point scale. The utilization of used children's clothing responds to three linked challenges: tight school budgets that limit stimulating classroom resources, a growing textile-waste crisis, and under-stimulating learning environments that fail to use the physical space as a "third teacher." The study also identifies the practical challenges that constrain this utilization, including funding gaps, limited design and production skills, weak material-sourcing systems, low sustainability awareness, and inadequate maintenance knowledge — and proposes corresponding ways of curbing them through policy integration, teacher capacity-building, and community engagement. Gender disaggregated analysis found that female respondents consistently rated needs higher than male respondents, with implications for how training is designed. Recommendations include ministry-led training programmes, school based material-collection systems, and cooperative models for economic empowerment.
needs assessment, upcycled decorations, teacher training, resource-constrained education, Nigeria, economic sustainability, environmental needs, learning environment
Afor Blessing Joseph; Reginah Azunwena; Comfort Sonye
AFROCENTRICITY VERSUS NATIONAL INTEREST: THE IDEOLOGICAL CONTRADICTIONS OF NIGERIA'S 'BIG BROTHER' POLICY
For over six decades, Nigeria anchored its global identity on the messianic doctrine of acting as Africa’s "Big Brother," committing immense material resources to frontline liberation movements, regional military interventions under ECOMOG, and the financing of continental institutions like the African Union. However, this study argues that this external altruism was systematically uncoupled from internal socio-economic and political realities, functioning primarily as an elite vanity project that exhausted state revenues while domestic infrastructure, security, and public institutions collapsed. Methodologically, this paper adopts a historical analytical approach, utilizing a qualitative design built upon chronological tracking and thematic synthesis to evaluate the long-term domestic consequences of Nigeria’s external engagements. The research is driven by a comprehensive content analysis of diverse documentation, combining peer-reviewed diplomatic histories, institutional reports, and economic datasets. Specifically, the investigation synthesizes detailed regional security analyses from international research monographs, policy evaluations from global financial institutions, and critical assessments published in leading African political economy journals. By interrogating these secondary and tertiary materials, the paper exposes the deep moral and material contradictions of a foreign policy framework that prioritized external prestige over the economic survival of the domestic populace. Ultimately, the study concludes that Nigeria's path to resilient global leadership requires abandoning sentimental Afrocentricity in favour of a transactional, democratized economic diplomacy model that directly aligns external power projections with internal national development.
Big Brother, ECOMOG, African Union, Afrocentricity, Global Leadership
Asiegbu, Tochukwu Ebuka; Udem, Marcia Chidinma; Okwuosa, Ngozi Uzoamaka
PRODUCTION AND ACCEPTABILITY OF CLASSROOM DECORATION MATERIALS MADE FROM USED CHILDREN'S CLOTHING
This study produced classroom decoration materials from used children's clothes and assessed their acceptability among stakeholders in resource-constrained educational settings. Survey data from 1,193 stakeholders, teachers, administrators, experts, and parents, in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria, showed strong consensus that the products produced were acceptable across functional, aesthetic, and expressive variables (grand means 4.15 4.28). Functionally, the products were rated as supporting attention, retention, active participation, and cost reduction; aesthetically, they were rated as enhancing classroom and school appearance; and expressively, they were rated as promoting creativity, cultural identity, and emotional well-being. Production addresses three linked challenges: tight school budgets that limit stimulating classroom resources, a growing textile-waste crisis, and under-stimulating learning environments that fail to use the physical space as a "third teacher." The study calls for policy integration, teacher capacity-building, and community engagement to scale this low-cost, sustainable intervention. Gender-disaggregated analysis found that female respondents consistently rated the produced materials higher than male respondents, with implications for how training is designed. Recommendations include ministry-led training programmes, school-based material-collection systems, and cooperative models for economic empowerment.
production, acceptability, upcycled decorations, functional variables, aesthetic variables, expressive variables, teacher training, Nigeria, learning environment
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES OF VACCINATION LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT AMONG PRIMARY HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Background: Vaccination logistics management is critical to maintaining vaccine potency and achieving optimal immunization coverage. In Nigeria, particularly in resource-limited settings like Jigawa State, gaps in cold chain management, infrastructure, and health worker capacity contribute to vaccine wastage and reduced effectiveness of immunization programs. Objectives: To assess the availability and functionality of vaccine logistics infrastructure, the level of knowledge and practices of primary health care (PHC) workers regarding vaccination logistics, and to identify barriers affecting vaccine logistics management in Jigawa State. Methods: A sequential mixed-methods design was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected from PHC workers including nurses, community health workers, and cold chain managers across selected PHC facilities in Jigawa State using structured questionnaires, interview guides, and facility observation checklists. The study focused on logistics activities within the last 2–3 months. Results: Preliminary evidence from existing literature and baseline assessments indicate substantial gaps in cold chain infrastructure, with unstable electricity, inadequate storage capacity, and poor transportation networks. Over 50% of PHC workers in northern Nigeria, including Jigawa, have inadequate training in cold chain management, leading to vaccine wastage rates estimated at up to 40% in some areas. Key barriers include lack of training, equipment failure, power outages, and poor inventory and record-keeping practices. Conclusion: Strengthening the knowledge and practices of PHC workers through targeted training, improved infrastructure, and adoption of digital tracking systems is essential to reduce vaccine wastage, improve immunization coverage, and contribute to global health goals such as polio eradication and reduction of under five mortality in Nigeria.
Vaccination logistics, cold chain management, primary health care, Jigawa State, Nigeria, immunization, vaccine wastage
Lawan Mamu; Mohammed Abdullahi; Auwalu Alhassan
OHANAEZE NDI IGBO AND THE RE-BIRTH OF IGBO NATIONALISM 1976- 2015
This study examines contemporary Igbo ethnic nationalism in Nigeria through the lens of Ohanaeze Ndigbo, the foremost socio-cultural organisation representing the Igbo people. Beyond documenting the movement’s ideological foundations, the research critically assesses Ohanaeze’s performance in advancing its objectives and analyses the major structural, political, and internal constraints limiting its effectiveness. The study adopts a mixed methodological approach combining primary and secondary sources. Extensive fieldwork involved in depth interviews with senior Ohanaeze officials as well as prominent Igbo and Yoruba leaders across various sectors. Data from documentary sources and oral testimonies were subjected to rigorous content analysis and critical interpretation, underpinned by a thematic historical framework. The findings reveal that, despite significant challenges, Ohanaeze Ndigbo has played a constructive role in promoting good governance and fostering inter-ethnic relations. The organisation was instrumental in the emergence of influential pan-regional platforms such as The Patriots, the Southern Senators Forum, and the Southern Governors Forum. By convening elites across ethnic lines and aligning their political interests, Ohanaeze helped moderate inter-group competition and reduce ethnic rivalries. Its consistent advocacy for national unity has also contributed to de-escalating communal tensions and discouraging militant mobilisation by sectional groups. Ultimately, the study lends empirical support to scholarly arguments that ethnically based socio-cultural organisations can serve as effective “bridges” in deeply divided multi-ethnic societies when they channel particularistic identities toward broader national cohesion. However, persistent internal weaknesses and external political pressures continue to constrain Ohanaeze’s capacity to fully realise this bridging potential.
Igbo, Ethnicity, Nationalism, Ethnic Unions, Ohanaeze Ndi Igbo
Prof. Nwachukwu Obiakor; Prof. Ezeownuka Franklin; Umeh Henry Chikwado
INSECURITY AND MASS KIDNAPPINGS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA
This paper examines insecurity and the mass kidnapping of schoolchildren in Nigeria. Insecurity in the country has assumed a new and alarming dimension with the increasing incidence of mass kidnappings of schoolchildren. With schoolchildren now becoming prime targets, the researchers sought to understand the factors responsible for this trend, its effects on schoolchildren and the educational system, the broader implications for Nigeria’s security challenges, and possible solutions to the problem. Two theories, the Broken Windows Theory and Conflict Theory, were reviewed to facilitate a better understanding of the issues addressed in the study. Relevant literature was extensively reviewed and discussed in line with the focus of the paper. The findings reveal that several factors account for the kidnapping of schoolchildren, including financial motives, the use of children as human shields to avoid airstrikes by security agencies, and inadequate security in school environments. The study further found that mass kidnappings are likely to increase the number of out-of-school children, resulting in a less literate population. Regarding the broader security implications, the study found that kidnappers may become further emboldened if decisive measures are not taken to stop them. The paper recommends prioritizing the security of schoolchildren through the provision of adequate security along school routes.
Chikwendu Stephen Chilaka; Eke Leona Adimchi; Maduagwuna Raymond Emeka; Amara Egboh F.
GENDER AND PERSONALITY TRAITS AS PREDICTORS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE
This study investigated gender and personality traits as predictors of examination malpractice. Three hundred (300) participants were employed in the study. They consisted of students from five faculties of Nnamdi Azikiwe University who were randomly sampled. Their ages ranged from 16 to 30 years, with a mean age of 21.1 and a standard deviation of 0.82. Two instruments were adopted for the study, namely the Brief Examination Malpractice Index (BEMI) and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). These instruments measured the extent to which students could engage in examination malpractice and the individual personality dispositions across the five domains of personality traits: openness to experience, extroversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and agreeableness, respectively. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design, while multiple regression statistics were used to test the hypotheses. The first hypothesis, which stated that males and females would differ significantly in predicting examination malpractice among undergraduates, was accepted at (F = 2.973, p = .003). The second hypothesis, which stated that personality traits under study (extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism) would significantly predict examination malpractice among undergraduates, was also accepted. Openness to experience and extroversion significantly predicted examination malpractice at (F = 2.097, p = .037) and (F = 2.992, p < .003), respectively. Based on the findings of this study, the researchers therefore recommended that the personality traits of individuals, especially students, should be investigated to enable appropriate decisions regarding suitable fields of endeavour before engagement.
Gender, Personality Traits, Examination Malpractice, Undergraduates
Umeaku, Ndubuisi N., PhD; Okoye Bisiola E.; Nnadozie Fortune U; Nnadozie Anulika O.
METABOLIC RIFT: AGROCHEMICAL BIOPOLITICS AND THE ENCLOSURE OF NIGERIAN NUTRITIONAL SOVEREIGNTY
Nigeria’s agricultural trajectory can be understood through the lens of a “metabolic rift”—a structural disjunction between soil ecological health and human nutritional needs. Since the 1970s, agricultural policy has largely prioritized increased caloric output through synthetic intensification, contributing to what may be described as a “caloric mirage,” in which rising yield volumes obscure a gradual decline in soil quality and nutritional value. This paper examines the political and economic mechanisms underpinning the erosion of Nigeria’s nutritional sovereignty, with particular attention to agrochemical dependency and the privatization of seed systems. Drawing on Metabolic Rift Theory and Foucauldian concepts of biopower, the study interprets national dietary management as a site of technocratic governance, though not necessarily reducible to deliberate population control. Methodologically, the study adopts a longitudinal qualitative historical approach (1970–2025), supported by secondary datasets and comparative analysis across Nigeria’s six geopolitical zones. Findings suggest that the widespread adoption of NPK-based fertilization has contributed to a measurable decline in micronutrient density—estimated between 23% and 40% for key minerals such as zinc and iron—despite increases in crop yields. This imbalance manifests unevenly across regions. In parts of Northern Nigeria (e.g., Kaduna, Kano, Sokoto), high agricultural output coexists with persistent malnutrition, reflecting a production–nutrition disconnect. In the South (e.g., Enugu, Cross River), dietary transitions are increasingly associated with rising obesity alongside micronutrient deficiencies, often described as “hidden hunger.” Additionally, the Plant Variety Protection Act (2021) has accelerated the formalization of seed ownership, raising concerns about reduced access to traditional seed systems and long-term implications for agricultural biodiversity. Addressing these challenges requires a shift toward agroecological approaches that emphasize soil health, biodiversity, and the integration of indigenous knowledge systems, alongside more balanced metrics that account for both yield and nutritional quality.
Metabolic Rift, Biopolitics, Nigeria, Nutrition Transition, Genetic Enclosure, Mineral Depletion, Agricultural Colonialism, Food Sovereignty, Agroecology
PREVAILING FACTORS INDUCING PASTORALISTS-FARMERS CONFLICTS AMONGST COMMUNITIES IN AWKA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ANAMBRA STATE, SOUTH-EAST, NIGERIA
This study investigated the prevailing factors inducing pastoralist–farmer conflicts among communities in Awka North Local Government Area, Anambra State, South-East Nigeria. The objectives of the study examined the nature of herder–farmer conflicts, their causes, consequences, and possible solutions for mitigating such conflicts. Four theories were reviewed, namely: conflict theory, structural functionalism theory, symbolic interactionism theory, and social disorganisation theory. However, conflict theory and structural functionalism theory were adopted as the theoretical framework. The study adopted a mixed-methods research design for data collection and analysis. A sample size of 204 respondents was used. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), employing descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, simple percentages, and charts. Qualitative data were analysed thematically using NVivo software (version 2.0).Two hypotheses were tested using the Chi-square (χ²) test statistic. The findings revealed that major causes of herder–farmer conflicts include land encroachment, destruction of crops by cattle, killing of cattle, reprisal attacks, inadequate grazing reserves, and blockage of grazing routes. The major consequences identified include destruction of farmlands, loss of lives and property, displacement of farmers, food insecurity, and reduced investment in affected communities. The study recommends, among other measures, proactive strategies such as awareness campaigns to promote peaceful coexistence between herders and farmers in Awka North Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria.
Conflict, farmers, food production, herders, pastoralists
RE-EXAMINING NIGERIA’S PEACEKEEPING INTERVENTIONS IN LIBERIA AND SIERRA LEONE: THE PROMPTINGS AND PLUSES
This paper re-examines Nigeria's peacekeeping interventions in Liberia and Sierra Leone in order to analyze the motivation and benefits of these missions. It examines the Nigeria's Afrocentric foreign policy, which initially prompted the interventions. The study further critiques the gains derived from these interventions. Using the current economic climate in West African sub-region, the paper establishes that the Nigerian State has benefitted from the sacrifices of its military personnel in the conflicts were it intervened to restore peace and security. Drawing on insight from constructivist theory, the paper also argues that although Nigeria's benefits do not commensurate with the costs of these interventions, its corporations and private businesses have gained significantly in the expanding economies of these states. Within this theoretical framework, Nigerian government agencies have also benefitted from the stability currently experienced, with the Nigerian State-represented by these agencies- symbolized private international relations. The Methodology adopted is descriptive and qualitative, relying on secondary sources for data collection. The paper concludes that the Nigerian State is benefiting from its peacekeeping interventions in Liberia and Sierra Leone through Nigerian-owned businesses which symbolize private international relations. The expansion of Nigeria corporations and businesses in these states is attributed to the stability and democratic governance achieved, to which Nigeria's interventions significantly contributed.
Peacekeeping, Intervention, Afrocentric, Commensurate, Stability, Reciprocity, Private international Relations
IMPACT OF POVERTY-INDUCED CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AMONGST THE YOUTHS IN ENUGU STATE
Crime among youths is a pervasive problem that bedevils every human society. It becomes particularly disturbing when criminal activities are allowed to continue unabated. Poverty-induced criminality is a worrisome phenomenon that requires urgent attention. Against this background, this paper investigated the impact of poverty-induced criminal behaviour among youths in Enugu State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the influence of poverty on youths’ criminal behaviour; the socio-economic factors influencing youths’ engagement in criminal activities in the state; and the major effects of poverty-induced crimes among youths in Enugu State. The paper adopted the General Strain Theory (GST) and Social Control Theory (SCT) as its theoretical framework. A descriptive survey design was employed, and the study utilised a mixed-methods approach to data collection. A sample size of 625 respondents was selected for the administration of the quantitative instrument, while purposive sampling was used to select eight participants for the in-depth interviews (IDI).The findings revealed that poverty makes crime appear as a necessary means of survival for youths in Enugu State, thereby increasing their susceptibility to peer pressure and gang involvement. The study further found that a lack of educational opportunities, limited access to basic needs, and economic instability push young people into criminality. The study recommends, among others, that to reduce youths’ involvement in crime, the government, community-based organisations, and non-governmental organisations should prioritise the provision of job training and employment opportunities. Initiatives such as vocational training, apprenticeships, and entrepreneurship programmes can equip youths with practical skills and sustainable income sources, thereby reducing the appeal of illegal activities as a means of survival.
Crime, Criminal behaviour, Criminality, Poverty and Youths
Deborah Chinecherem Didigwu; Clement Emeka Ikezue
SOCIO- PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON USERS OF ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE
This study explores the socio-psychological impacts of societal influences on non-native speakers of English. It evaluates the role of societal pressures—including societal attitudes, anxiety, biases, and stereotypes—on language use and the psychological well-being of English users. The research focuses on the complex dynamics between societal pressures and individual experiences, shedding light on the challenges faced by second-language users in navigating linguistic and cultural expectations. The Social Identity Theory is adopted as the theoretical framework for analysis. A total of 30 participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique for data collection. Findings from the analysis show that the socio-psychological effects of societal influences on users of English as a second language are reflected in their attitudinal dispositions, including fear of making mistakes, negative self-perceptions of language ability, and apprehension about being judged or evaluated by others. The study recommends a deeper understanding of the intricate relationships between language, society, and the human psyche. It highlights the need to prioritize effective communication over grammatical perfection and to promote inclusive social cohesion.
language attitudes, identity, anxiety, societal influence, social cohesion
Nweke, Lucy Chinwe, Ph.D & Obiageli Chritiana Okpala, Ph.D
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN UNITED STATES –NIGERIA RELATIONS; A DIPLOMATIC APPRAISAL
Diplomatic relations between the United States and Nigeria are extensive by regional standards, encompassing a U.S.–Nigeria Binational Commission and other bilateral engagements, significant commercial linkages, and strong people-to-people ties. However, U.S. concerns over human rights conditions in Nigeria have periodically strained relations and impeded security cooperation. Members of the United States Congress have expressed particular concern about military abuses against civilians, as well as deteriorating press and religious freedoms. The U.S. Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development allocated over $450 million in bilateral foreign assistance to Nigeria in FY2020, supporting programs focused on health, agricultural development, law enforcement, and the justice sector. This figure does not include substantial emergency assistance provided in response to the humanitarian crisis in northeastern Nigeria, nor funds administered by other U.S. federal departments, such as the Departments of Defense, Justice, Health and Human Services, and Homeland Security. In recent years, congressional attention on Nigeria has centered on terrorist threats, elections, governance issues, and, notably, concerns about religious violence. This paper, using a qualitative historical approach, examines the critical issues and emerging challenges in U.S.–Nigeria relations, as well as patterns of U.S. interventionism. It draws on relevant policy documents, diplomatic reports, and scholarly literature. The analysis is organized thematically in line with the adopted methodological approach.
Assistance, Diplomatic, Relations, Civilians, Government
MASQUERADE AND MASQUERADING IN IGBO LAND: A RETROSPECTION ON OMABU-THE NIGHT MASQUERADES AMONG THE TRADITIONAL OGHE SOCIETIES OF THE IGBOS OF NIGERIA
Masquerades are the spirits of the ancestors that manifest in masked forms to commune and interact with the living beings. Masquerade marks the return of the ancestors to the land of the living and the celebration of the lives of the deceased old men of the communities. Masquerading therefore involves all the activities that are associated with the preparation and presentation of the masquerades as well as the awakening and the re-awakening of the spirits of the departed young, matured, old men or the ancestors of a community and their transformations into masquerades. Masquerades are celebrated in many diverse cultural festivals, generally refers to as “masquerade feasts”. Masquerades are usually revered and feared by all in most culture particularly in Igbo Societies. Masquerade is an all-male affair that abhor female participations or involvement. It is a cultural thing that is not only seen all over Africa including Nigeria, but in many other places of the world like the South America, the Caribbean and some parts of Asia. In Africa and in Nigerian in particular, masquerades feature prominently among the Igbos of which Oghe people in Ezeagu Local Government Area of Enugu State is a major part of, and in which they are known for. This paper is therefore premised on the fact that so much have been written about masquerades by many Nigerian scholars in the disciplines of History, Sociology, Anthropology, Philosophy, Language and Igbo Studies, among which are those of Igbo descent of which again are those of Oghe’s extraction. In view of this, it is however, worthy of note that no single individual scholar of Oghe’s background has deemed it fit to write about Omabu- the night masquerade as a theme worthy of discussion. What we have seen so far were just the mere mentioning of it in papers and presentation passages that have to do with masquerades or other related topics on cultural issues. It is thus against this backdrop that this paper is borne to fill this intellectual lacuna by dedicating this detailed study on Omabu-the night masquerades among the traditional people of Oghe in Ezeagu Local Government Area of Enugu State. Using qualitative research method, this paper made an overview of masquerades in Igbo society –land and this include its meaning, definition, origin, classes as well as their functions. In addition to this, the concepts of society, culture and language as they relate to the topic of the study were defined and explained. It further examines the place of Omabu- the night masquerades in the traditional Oghe society in Ezeagu Local Government Area of the State Enugu. The factors that possibly led to its disappearances or non-existence in the contemporary time were also captured by the paper. The paper concluded by noting that Omabu-the night masquerades had impacted positively to the life of the traditional Oghe people. However, the authors are of the opinion that the cultural practice has as a matter of fact outlived its usefulness as it could no longer be sustained in the twenty first century of modern, globalized world. The study is therefore expository and descriptive. It equally employs oral interviews in addition to secondary data consulted. More so, reminisces and individual experiences and observations of the authors lend more credence to the study.
Culture, Society, Language, Omabu-the Night Masquerade, Traditional Oghe People and Igbos of Nigeria
Chidiobi, Okechukwu Christian; Ibekwe, Juliet Chinenyenwa PhD
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND SOCIAL SUPPORT AS PREDICTORS OF ACADEMIC STRESS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
This study examined emotional intelligence and perceived social support as predictors of academic stress among undergraduate students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. A total of 247 undergraduates were conveniently selected from five randomly chosen departments within the Faculty of Social Sciences. Participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 25 years (M = 21.75, SD = 1.83). The Emotional Intelligence Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Academic Stress Scale were employed for data collection. A predictive research design was adopted, and data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The findings indicated that emotional intelligence was not a statistically significant predictor of academic stress (β = −.044, p = .496), although the relationship was negative. Similarly, perceived social support did not significantly predict academic stress (β = −.057, p = .375), though the direction of association was also negative. The study concludes that while emotional intelligence and social support demonstrated inverse relationships with academic stress, neither variable significantly predicted stress levels within the sampled population. It is recommended that universities implement structured psychological interventions, including counselling and emotional skills training programs, to assist students in managing academic stress more effectively.
emotional intelligence, social support, academic stress, undergraduate students
Anyaorah, Godson C., PhD; Okpala, M. O., PhD
IMPACT OF FREE MATERNAL HEALTH POLICIES ON THE UTILIZATION OF SKILLED BIRTH SERVICES IN NIGERIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Nigeria continues to face significant maternal health challenges, with maternal mortality ratios among the highest globally. In response, various state and federal governments have implemented free maternal health policies aimed at increasing the utilization of skilled birth services. This review integrates evidence from previous studies examining the impact of these policies through the lens of the Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, which conceptualizes healthcare utilization as a function of predisposing, enabling, and need factors. The review reveals that while free maternal health policies have demonstrated positive impacts in some contexts particularly when combined with comprehensive health system strengthening their effects remain heterogeneous across Nigeria. Programs such as the Abiye initiative in Ondo State achieved substantial increases in facility-based deliveries (from 56.5% to 85.6%) and antenatal care coverage (reaching 98%), while other state-level programs showed mixed or limited impacts. Predisposing factors, including education, religion, and ethnicity, consistently predict service utilization, with higher education associated with greater uptake of skilled birth services. Enabling factors, particularly wealth, distance to facilities, and quality of care, remain critical barriers even when user fees are removed. The evidence underscores that cost removal alone is insufficient; persistent supply-side constraints, cultural barriers, transport challenges, and quality-of-care issues continue to limit access to skilled birth services. Future maternal health policies must adopt comprehensive approaches that address financial, geographical, cultural, and health system barriers simultaneously to achieve equitable improvements in maternal health outcomes across Nigeria's diverse contexts.
Health Policies, Nigeria, Skilled Birth Services
Ngozi Chinenye Okeke, Ifeanyi Ikenna Ofonere, & Queeneth Ndidiamaka Okafor
MANDARIN CHINESE EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
The emergence of China as a major global economic, political, and cultural power has generated increasing interest in Mandarin Chinese as a foreign language worldwide, including in Africa. In Nigeria, the study and teaching of Mandarin have transitioned from informal, commerce-driven interactions to formalized, institutionalized programs integrated into universities, secondary schools, and national education policy frameworks. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Mandarin Chinese education in Nigeria, exploring its historical evolution, current status, and prospective future developments. Drawing on academic literature, policy documents, and institutional reports, the study situates the expansion of Mandarin education within the broader context of Nigeria–China relations, international diplomacy, and China’s cultural and educational outreach through Confucius Institutes. The paper identifies key challenges, including shortages of qualified local instructors, infrastructure limitations, and uneven policy implementation, as well as debates over the role of foreign language promotion in relation to indigenous languages. It further highlights the opportunities presented by growing economic and diplomatic engagement with China, curricular inclusion at secondary and tertiary levels, and the potential for localized capacity building. The study concludes that the long-term sustainability and expansion of Mandarin Chinese education in Nigeria depend on strategic investment in teacher training, curriculum development, and institutional capacity, as well as a balanced approach to multilingual education that aligns global competencies with national linguistic priorities.
Mandarin Chinese, language education, Confucius Institutes, Nigeria–China relations, foreign language policy, multilingual education
SIMILITUDES IN THE BIAFRAN AND AMBAZONIAN AGITATIONS, 1967–2022
Secessionist agitations have occurred in post-colonial Africa, often arising from the artificial boundaries imposed during the colonial era, which merged disparate ethnic groups into single political entities. Both Biafra (in Nigeria) and Ambazonia (in Cameroon) initiated unsuccessful bids for independence, driven by profound disillusionment among their indigenous populations. This disaffection was largely rooted in the pogroms experienced by Biafrans in northern Nigeria and the systematic political and socio-economic marginalisation of Ambazonians by the Cameroonian state. This study comparatively analyses these two movements, exploring their similarities, and examining how the responses of the Nigerian and Cameroonian governments have affected national integration efforts in both countries. Utilising data derived from secondary and tertiary materials, supplemented by the researcher's observations, the study reveals several key findings. In both cases, secessionist agitations were fundamentally linked to sustained political and economic marginalisation. A notable shared post-conflict strategy has been the adoption of "sit-at-home" protests as a major form of civil disobedience. Furthermore, the contiguous territories of both movements suffered extensive human and infrastructural losses as epicenters of their respective conflicts and share common ethnic groups across the Nigeria-Cameroon border. The study recommends that the Nigerian and Cameroonian governments should strengthen bilateral cooperation to manage separatist activities, implement more inclusive and participatory governance policies, and as a last resort, consider organising a referendum for these marginalised groups in question.
Biafra, Ambazonia, Agitations, Similarities, Marginalisation
IMPACT OF URBAN GROWTH IN NEW OWERRI IMO STATE ON HOST COMMUNITIES, 1976-2020
This study examines the impact of urban growth in New Owerri, Imo State, on host communities between 1976 and 2020, with a view to highlighting its effects and implications on the host communities. It analyzes government implementation of rural land-use policies, as well as the problems and prospects these policies present for the communities. The study emphasizes the commonalities, peculiarities, and contributions of the host communities to the development of New Owerri. The study recognizes that three (3) communities host the “twin city” of Owerri, officially referred to as New Owerri, with emphasis on the area and size of land mass each community contributed to the development of the twin city. The research method adopts a historical narrative approach, thematically and analytically structured, using qualitative methods for collecting and interpreting available data. Both primary and secondary sources were utilized, including oral interviews, journals, and books relevant to the study. The findings reveal that the urban built environment in the area has more than doubled over the 44-year period (1976–2020). Urban expansion occurred largely at the expense of vegetation, fallow lands, open spaces, and, to some extent, wetlands. The study further shows that the host communities have been impacted positively, negatively, or both. It concludes by recommending that principles of planning standards, land control, and land suitability should be strictly adhered to in the development process of New Owerri for the benefit of the host communities.
New Owerri; Urban Growth; Host Communities; Land Use; Imo State Government
Augustine Uche Igwe; Edward Dabere Opara
PERSONALITY TRAITS AS PREDICTORS OF MARITAL SATISFACTION AMONG MARRIED PERSONS IN AWKA METROPOLIS, ANAMBRA STATE
This study examined Personality Traits as Predictors of Marital Satisfaction among Married Persons in Awka Metropolis, Anambra State. A total of three hundred (300) participants were sampled for the study. The participants consisted of married persons residing in Awka Metropolis and were selected using a convenience sampling technique. Their ages ranged from 20 to 60 years, with a mean age of 37.5 and a standard deviation of 0.214. Two instruments were used for the study, namely the Index of Marital Satisfaction (IMS) developed by Hudson (1982) and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) developed by Gosling et al. (2003). The study adopted a survey research design with a cross-sectional approach, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Five hypotheses were postulated. The first hypothesis, which stated that openness would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was rejected (B = −0.006, p > .05). The second hypothesis, which stated that conscientiousness would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was accepted (B = −0.025, p < .05). The third hypothesis, which stated that extraversion would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was rejected (B = 0.012, p > .05). The fourth hypothesis, which stated that agreeableness would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was rejected (B = −0.016, p > .05). The fifth hypothesis, which stated that neuroticism would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was also rejected (B = −0.017, p > .05). Based on the findings of this study, the researchers recommend that clinical psychologists, marriage counsellors, and therapists should emphasize how personality traits—particularly conscientiousness—influence behavioural dynamics in marital satisfaction among married persons. The study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between personality traits and marital satisfaction. This understanding may assist couples, counsellors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, and other mental health professionals in addressing marital dynamics to achieve optimal marital satisfaction outcomes.
Personality Traits, Married Persons, Marital Satisfaction, Awka Metropolis
Umeaku, N. N., PhD; Onyemaechi, C.I., PhD & Okpaleke, V. U., PhD
CHALLENGES IN THE USE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE BY THE POLICE FOR CRIME PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN NIGERIA
This paper examines the challenges facing the police in the use of forensic science in crime prevention and control in Nigeria. The problem of unabated criminal behaviour has been worrisome for the safety of lives and property in the country. Constitutionally, the police have the responsibility of maintaining law and order, fighting crime, protecting lives and property, and employing forensic science in criminal investigations; yet, the crime rate continues to escalate daily. The paper discusses the types and significance of forensic evidence, as well as the challenges of criminal justice in forensic investigations. The objective of this study is to ascertain the challenges confronting the utilization of forensic science by the police within Nigeria’s criminal justice system and to explore ways of employing it to curtail the high rate of crime in the country. The theoretical framework of this discourse is the Deterrence Theory of Crime Prevention. This paper relies on secondary sources such as national and international journals, books, and related materials. The study reveals that the challenges facing the police include the poor standard of legal education in Nigeria, as well as inadequate forensic skills and equipment, which negatively affect forensic investigations and the operational capacity of the police and other security agencies. There is no doubt that the use of forensic science in criminal investigation and the justice system provides valuable information that cannot be obtained through other conventional methods of investigation. It also assists in determining the innocence or guilt of suspects amidst complex criminal circumstances. This paper recommends that forensic investigators acquire adequate training and skills to enhance their professional competence, identify suspects more effectively, and reduce the incidence of violent crimes and murder in Nigeria.
challenges, crime prevention, crime control, forensic science, police
JUBILEE YEAR OF HOPE: CATHOLIC WOMEN OF AWKA DIOCESE LIVING OUT THE FAITH
All baptized Christians are called to live out their faith in their various vocations in life. Undoubtedly, the content of the faith remains unchangeable, but the ways of living it out vary according to the different contexts of life. Such a duty demands constant witnessing to the faith in season and out of season. This call becomes even more pertinent in this Jubilee Year of Hope as proclaimed by Pope Francis. It is a time for inward reflection, but more especially a time of God’s favour. The realization of that favour depends on how firmly faith is anchored in hope and manifested in charity. These three theological virtues stand as a tripod in which each leg is as important as the other in providing support. Thus, the virtues intermingle in their operation, and none functions in isolation. However, evidence often abounds of Catholic women breeding divisive tendencies that do untold disservice to what Catholic Women Organization stands for. Furthermore, there are obvious challenges confronting Catholic women in Awka Diocese in their efforts to bear eloquent testimony to the faith. Consequently, there is a need for proper investigation into these challenges in order to chart a new beginning founded on the hope of a better future. Using a qualitative method, the researcher consulted relevant literature to identify the fundamental elements of a Jubilee Year. This provided a basis for examining how Catholic women live out their faith in the everydayness of their lives, notwithstanding the challenges they face.
Jubilee Year, Faith, Hope, Catholic women, Awka Diocese
IMPACT OF EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU), 1963-2002
This paper examines how external forces shaped the development, performance, and eventual transformation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) from 1963 to 2002. It explores the impact of Cold War rivalry, foreign economic pressures, international institutions, and global political expectations on the OAU’s diplomatic choices and structural limitations. The study argues that although the OAU was established to protect African sovereignty and unity, it nevertheless operated in ways that reflected the influence of global power rivalries, donor conditions, and shifting international norms. By analyzing themes such as Cold War alignments, economic dependence, regional conflicts, non-alignment, and the transition to the African Union (AU), the study highlights the tension between Africa’s pursuit of collective autonomy and the external constraints that shaped continental politics. It concludes that these external pressures contributed to both the weaknesses of the OAU and the drive for institutional renewal that produced the AU in 2002.
OAU, African Union, Cold War, External Influence, Pan-Africanism, Non-alignment, Development Policy, Africa
Idara C. Aniefiok-Ezemonye (PhD) & Valentine Ojonuba Ikechi
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON THE COMMODIFICATION OF AFRICAN ARTS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
This study examines the complex relationship between globalisation and the commodification of African arts, providing a critical analysis of its impact on African cultures, artists, and art forms. Globalisation has transformed the ways in which African art is perceived, produced, and consumed worldwide, raising questions about cultural ownership, authenticity, and value. The paper finds that globalisation has led to the commodification of African art, prioritising profit over cultural significance. It argues that African artists often face exploitation in the global art market, with limited control over their work and its value. A historical method is adopted for the study. Secondary sources on the subject are utilised and analysed qualitatively through discursive and narrative approaches. The article further argues that globalisation threatens the diversity of African art forms, leading to cultural homogenisation. The study highlights the experiences of African artists navigating the global art world, revealing challenges such as exploitation and the loss of traditional art forms. The research concludes that a nuanced understanding of the impact of globalisation on African arts is essential for promoting cultural diversity, preserving traditional art forms, and supporting African artists in the global art market. It recommends a critical approach to globalisation—one that balances economic opportunities with cultural sensitivity and preservation.
Impact, Globalisation, Commodification, African Arts, Analysis
THE MORALITY OF REFUGEE INTEGRATION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE WESTERN CULTURE
The morality of refugee integration has become a profound ethical and cultural question in contemporary Europe. The unprecedented influx of refugees from the Middle East and North Africa over the past decade has challenged the foundations of Western moral and cultural identity. Western civilisation has been shaped by Christian ethics, which emphasise compassion, hospitality, and the sanctity of human life. These moral imperatives have historically guided Europe’s humanitarian responses to global displacement crises. However, the growing openness of European borders, motivated by both moral conviction and political obligation, has generated significant cultural and religious consequences. This study examines the moral principles underpinning refugee integration within the context of Europe’s Christian heritage, exploring whether the moral ideal of universal compassion conflicts with the preservation of Western cultural and religious values. It analyses the ethical frameworks that justify refugee acceptance including the Christian duty of love (agape) and the secular humanitarian ideal of human rights while also interrogating the moral dilemmas that arise when integration leads to cultural tension, Islamisation, and social instability. The research employs ethical theory to evaluate how Europe’s moral posture, originally rooted in Christian humanitarianism, is being tested by the psychological, religious, and cultural transformations that accompany refugee resettlement. It argues that the West now faces a moral crossroads: whether to uphold an inclusive universalist ethic that transcends boundaries or to reaffirm a contextual moral order grounded in its Christian cultural legacy. The study concludes that sustainable integration must balance compassion with prudence, preserving both moral integrity and cultural identity in an increasingly pluralistic Europe.
Morality, Refugee, Integration, Effect, Western Culture
Abalogu, Divine Maduka PhD; Ezumezu, Tochukwu C.V
UNITY IN DIVERSITY: THE IMPERATIVE OF DEPOLITICIZING INDIGENEITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN NIGERIA
This study examined the politicisation of indigeneity and citizenship in Nigeria with the aim of understanding how these concepts have been used and misused in political, social, and administrative contexts, and how such practices have affected national unity. The objectives of the study were to explore the relationship between indigeneity and citizenship, assess the political uses and misuses of indigeneity through selected case studies, evaluate the consequences of politicised indigeneity on national integration, and propose legal, constitutional, and social reforms for its depoliticisation. The study adopted a qualitative analytical method, relying on secondary sources such as journal articles, policy papers, legal documents, and reports from reputable institutions. Data were analysed using content and thematic analysis to identify patterns and implications of indigeneity in Nigeria’s political structure. Findings revealed that indigeneity, though originally intended to preserve cultural identity, has been manipulated to create exclusionary boundaries, foster discrimination, and hinder national cohesion. Furthermore, the study established that the politicisation of indigeneity undermines citizenship rights, fuels interethnic distrust, and weakens the legitimacy of the state. It concluded that comprehensive constitutional, legal, and social reforms are crucial for promoting inclusive citizenship and building a truly united Nigeria.
Indigeneity, Citizenship, National Unity, Depoliticisation, Constitutional Reform
CRITICAL THINKING AS A CORE AIM OF EDUCATION: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NIGERIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM
The growing recognition of critical thinking as an essential skill for navigating complex contemporary challenges has prompted educational systems worldwide to reconsider their pedagogical priorities and learning outcomes. This paper explores critical thinking as a core aim of education through philosophical analysis, examining its theoretical foundations and practical implications for educational practice. It utilizes philosophical inquiry to analyze the conceptual nature of critical thinking, tracing its intellectual heritage from ancient Socratic methods through Enlightenment rationality to contemporary educational philosophy. Based on relevant findings from philosophical literature, this study discusses how critical thinking facilitates intellectual development, moral reasoning, democratic citizenship, and effective problem-solving, and the impact this has on both individual learners and society. The paper examines the Nigerian educational context, analyzing current challenges including curriculum emphasis on memorization, teacher preparation inadequacies, examination-driven learning approaches, and socio-political factors that influence educational practice. Additionally, the paper addresses the philosophical challenges between promoting critical inquiry and maintaining respect for cultural values and established authority. It concludes by asserting that critical thinking, properly understood and implemented, can serve as a transformative educational goal that prepares students to be intellectually independent and socially responsible citizens while respecting cultural foundations.
critical thinking, philosophy, educational reform, Nigerian education, Socratic questioning, curriculum reform, teacher education, rote learning
George Chizoba Okpara; Ezeanolue Aloysius Okwuchukwu (PhD & Egbebu Francis Ugochukwu (PhD))
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AS INSTRUMENTS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA, 1976-1991
The plight of the rural dwellers and living conditions in the rural areas were issues of concern to governments of developing countries. Several strategies were adopted to address the challenges these conditions posed. Of significant importance in this regard were government agencies. With respect to Nigeria, these agencies were the River Basin Development Authority, (RBDA), The Agricultural Development Project (ADP) and the Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI). This paper seeks to demonstrate the suitability of these agencies as instruments of rural development, with a focus on Anambra State, during the period, 1976-1991. The consideration for this paper derives from the fact that temporal and spatial perspectives provide the accurate lenses through which the rural development agencies can be studied. This paper adopts a historical analysis of data, based on the mixed-method approach. Data derived from primary and secondary sources are presented thematically. It does not rely on theoretical constructs, but critically engages the available data to substantiate the kernel of its arguments. From the evidence available, the paper contends that while the RBDA and ADP projects were skewed towards agricultural transformation, those of the DFRRI was more holistic in approach. However, the projects executed by the agencies proved not to be sustainable.
CULTURAL FESTIVALS IN AWKA, 1970-2021: A CASE STUDY OF THE IMOKA FESTIVAL
Festivals are special occasions with specific purposes tied to various aspects of community life. They offer people an opportunity to rest from strenuous activities and to enjoy leisure time while participating in cultural entertainment. Imoka, one of the major festivals in Awka, has long served as a platform for sustaining cultural identity and uniformity among the Awka people and their neighbors. The Imoka Festival promotes cultural unity and serves as a vital medium for strengthening community bonds in Awka. This paper seeks to examine the origin of the Imoka Festival, address the problem of insecurity often associated with its celebration, and suggest ways to regenerate interest in the festival among the people of Awka. It also aims to showcase the town’s diverse cultural heritage and resources. The paper recommends that Awka festivals, particularly the Imoka Festival, should be preserved, developed, and promoted as tourist attractions. There should be increased youth enlightenment on the historical significance and cultural relevance of the festival. In addition, efforts should be made to create employment opportunities for the youth through the development of tourist centers and the preservation of Awka's cultural heritage. The methodology for this study includes both primary sources such as oral interviews and discussions and secondary sources, including published articles and books.
Edith Ifesinachuckwu & Prof. Ifeyinwa Emejulu
CHINESE WARS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: INSIGHTS FOR NIGERIA
The work throws light on a few of China's wars and conflict in the twentieth century, ranging from internal civil war between the Chinese communists party and the nationalist government, to conflicts that resulted from the annexation of Tibet, the Vietnamese and Korean Wars. Employing the Realist school of thought this works analyses the China's rational in employing the instrument of war in the pursuit of its foreign policy and national interest in the twentieth century. These Wars embarked by China had some implications on China. What were the implications and what are the lessons for Nigeria to learn from China's war operation strategy in the twentieth century; these are the questions that would be answered by this work.